Plasmodium circumflexum

Species of single-celled organism

Plasmodium circumflexum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Aconoidasida
Order:	Haemospororida
Family:	Plasmodiidae
Genus:	Plasmodium
Species:	P. circumflexum
Binomial name
*Plasmodium circumflexum* Kikuth, 1931

Plasmodium circumflexum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Giovannolaia.

Like all Plasmodium species P. circumflexum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

Taxonomy

The parasite was first described by Kikuth in 1931 in a juniper thrush. It may have been the same species previous described by Labbe in 1894 who thought it was a species of Haemoproteus.

Description

Schizonts: these are large and when mature may entirely encircle the erythrocyte nucleus.

Merozoites: each schizont gives rise to 13-30 merozoites (mean 19.8: standard deviation 5).

Gametocytes: these are large and when mature may entirely encircle the erythrocyte nucleus.

Distribution

This parasite is found in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Morocco, South Africa, Sri Lanka and the United States.

Vectors

Culiseta morsitans

Mansonia crassipes

Theobaldia annulata

Sporogeny but not transmission has been recorded in Mansonia perturbans.

Hosts

P. circumflexum has been recorded infecting the following hosts:

Shikra (Accipiter badius)^[1]
Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)^[2]
Sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus),^[3]
Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus),
Wood duck (Aix sponsa),
Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria),
Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata),
Cape May warbler (Dendroica tigrina),
Gray cat bird (Dumella carolinensis),
Slate colour junicao (Junico hymenalis),
Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia),
Common merganser (Mergus merganser),
Cowbird (Molothrus ater ater),
Finch (Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis),
Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator),
Chestnut-tailed starling (Sturnus malabaricus),
Brown thrasher (Toxostomar ufum),
White throated sparrow (Tromotrichio albicolis),
American robin (Turdus migratorius),
Juniper thrush (Turdus pilaris),
Wild guineafowl (Numida meleagris)^[4] - the pathological features in acute cases include anaemia, jaundice and splenomegaly; in the subacute cases severe splenomegaly, right ventricular hypertrophy and multifocal interstitial myocarditis.^[5]
White throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)

References

^ Salakij J, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Kasorndorkbua C, Salakij C (2012) Plasmodium circumflexum in a Shikra (Accipiter badius): phylogeny and ultra-structure of the haematozoa. Jpn J Vet Res 60(2-3):105-109
^ Tanigawa M, Sato Y, Ejiri H, Imura T, Chiba R, Yamamoto H, Kawaguchi M, Tsuda Y, Murata K, Yukawa M (2012) Molecular identification of avian haemosporidia in wild birds and mosquitoes on Tsushima Island, Japan. J Vet Med Sci
^ Kirkpatrick CE, Lauer DM. (1985) Hematozoa of raptors from southern New Jersey and adjacent areas. J Wildl. Dis. 21(1):1-6.
^ Earle RA, Horak IG, Huchzermeyer FW, Bennett GF, Braack LE, Penzhorn BL. (1991) The prevalence of blood parasites in helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 58(3):145-147
^ Huchzermeyer F.W. and Van Der Vyver F.H. (1991) Isolation of Plasmodium circumflexum from wild guineafowl (Numida meleagris) and the experimental infection in domestic poultry. Avian Path.20(2) 213 - 223

Eukaryota: SAR: Alveolata

Domain

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukaryota

(major groups

Excavata

Diaphoretickes

Hacrobia

Cryptista

Rhizaria

Alveolata

Stramenopiles

Plants

Amorphea

Amoebozoa

Opisthokonta

Animals

Fungi)

Acavomonidia

Acavomonadea	Acavomonadida (Acavomonas)

Ciliophora

Intramacronucleata	Armophorea (Metopus) Cariacotrichea (Cariacothrix caudata) Colpodea (Colpoda) Litostomatea (Balantidium, Dileptus) Muranotrichea (Muranothrix) Nassophorea (Nassula) Oligohymenophorea (Ichthyophthirius, Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Vorticella) Parablepharismea (Parablepharisma) Phyllopharyngea (Chilodonella, Tokophrya) Plagiopylea (Plagiopyla) Prostomatea (Coleps, Holophrya) Protocruziea (Protocruzia) Spirotrichea (Euplotes, Stylonychia)
Postciliodesmatophora	Heterotrichea (Stentor, Climacostomum, Blepharisma) Karyorelictea (Loxodes, Tracheloraphis)
Mesodiniea (Mesodinium, Myrionecta)

Colponemidia

Colponemadea	Colponemadida (Colponema)

Myzozoa

Apicomplexa

Aconoidasida

Haemospororida	Garniidae (Garnia) Haemoproteidae (Haemoproteus) Leucocytozoidae (Leucocytozoon) Plasmodiidae (Plasmodium)
Piroplasmida	Babesiidae (Babesia) Theileriidae (Theileria)
Cardiosporidium Nephromyces

Conoidasida

Coccidia

Agamococcidiorida

Gemmocystidae (Gemmocystis)
Rhytidocystidae (Rhytidocystis)

Eucoccidiorida

Adeleorina

Adeleidae
Dactylosomatidae (Babesiosoma, Dactylosoma)
Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina)
Hepatozoidae (Hepatozoon)
Karyolysidae (Karyolysus)
Klossiellidae (Klossiella)
Legerellidae (Legerella)

Eimeriorina

Aggregatidae (Aggregata, Grasseella, Merocystis, Ovivora, Pseudoklossia, Selysina) Atoxoplasmatidae Barrouxiidae Calyptosporiidae Caryotrophidae Cryptosporidiidae (Cryptosporidium) Eimeriidae (Cyclospora, Eimeria, Isospora) Elleipsisomatidae Lankesterellidae Selenococcidiidae
Sarcocystidae	Sarcocystinae (Frenkelia, Sarcocystis) Toxoplasmatinae (Besnoitia, Hammondia, Hyaloklossia, Nephroisospora, Neospora, Toxoplasma)

Ixorheorida

Ixorheidae (Ixorheis)

Protococcidiorida

Angeiocystidae (Angeiocystis)
Eleutheroschizonidae (Coelotropha, Defretinella, Eleutheroschizon)
Grelliidae (Coelotropha, Grellia)
Mackinnoniidae (Mackinnonia)
Myriosporidae (Myriosporides, Myriospora)

Gregarinasina

Archigregarinorida

Exoschizonidae (Exoschizon)
Selenidioididae (Merogregarina, Meroselenidium, Selenidioides, Veloxidium)

Eugregarinorida

Aseptatorina	Aikinetocystidae Allantocystidae Diplocystidae Enterocystidae Ganymedidae Lecudinidae Monocystidae (Monocystinae, Oligochaetocystinae, Rhynchocystinae, Stomatophorinae, Zygocystinae) Schaudinnellidae Selenidiidae Thiriotiidae Urosporidae
Blastogregarinorina	Siedleckiidae (Siedleckia)
Septatorina	Fusionicae (Fusionidae) Gregarinicae (Cephaloidophoridae, Cephalolobidae, Didymophoridae, Gregarinidae, Hirmocystidae, Metameridae, Uradiophoridae) Porosporicae (Porosporidae) Stenophoricae (Acutidae, Amphiplatysporidae, Brustiophoridae, Cnemidosporidae, Dactylophoridae, Leidyanidae, Monoductidae, Monoicidae, Sphaerocystidae, Stenophoridae, Trichorhynchidae) Stylocephaloidea (Actinocephalidae, Stylocephalidae) Blabericolidae

Neogregarinorida

Schizogregarinina (Caulleryellidae, Ophryocystidae)
Gigaductidae (Gigaductus)
Lipotrophidae (Apicystis, Farinocystis, Lipotropha, Lipocystis, Mattesia, Menzbieria)
Schizocystidae (Lymphotropha, Machadoella, Schizocystis)
Syncystidae (Syncystis)

Apicomonadea

Chromerida	Chromeraceae (Chromera velia) Vitrellaceae (Vitrella brassicaformis)
Colpodellida	Colpodellidae (Colpodella)
Voromonadida	Alphamonadidae (Alphamonas) Voromonadidae (Voromonas)

Dinoflagellata

Dinokaryota	With a theca: Dinophysiales (Dinophysis, Histioneis, Ornithocercus, Oxyphysis) Gonyaulacales (Ceratium, Gonyaulax) Peridiniales (Pfiesteria, Peridinium) Prorocentrales (Prorocentrum) Without theca: Gymnodiniales (Amphidinium, Gymnodinium, Karenia, Karlodinium) Suessiales (Polarella, Symbiodinium)
Noctilucea	Noctilucales (Noctiluca)
Syndinea	Syndiniales: Amoebophryaceae (Amoebophyra) Duboscquellaceae (Duboscquella) Syndiniaceae (Hematodinium, Syndinium)
Other	Acrocoelidae (Acrocoelus) Ichthyodinium Oxyrrhinaceae (Oxyrrhis) Pronoctilucidae (Pronoctiluca) Psammosidae (Psammosa)